C.S.I †Myth vs. Reality Free Essays

Jennifer Weaver L. Leggo Law Monday April 19, 2010 C. S. We will write a custom essay sample on C.S.I – Myth vs. Reality or any similar topic only for you Order Now I – Myth vs. Reality Crime Scene Investigation is a series that followers investigators that use evidence to solve murders. The show is very popular due to its courageous matter and popular characters. However, despite CSI’s popularity it has been heavily criticized for realism to actual crime solving. CSI portrays an inaccurate, to say the least, image of how police solve crimes. To begin with, CSI has depicted many manifestations to people who watch it. Two main things noticed in the episode watched are the myth of crime scene investigating and DNA testing. The show does a really good job â€Å"hollywooding† the field of forensic science. One clear myth of the show is it’s characters and how attractive they are. Forensic scientists are more likely to look like fat men with glasses rather than sexy women who wear camisoles to a crime scene, as seen in the show. In addition, the show depicts solving a case as easy and not time consuming, when in reality the majority of these cases would take months or even years to solve. Moreover, when collecting evidence and DNA in the show, it shows DNA results returning in a matter or hours when it would normally take years. This false interpretation contributes to viewers manifestation of DNA testing in real cases; thinking that its an easy process. The only reality of the show found was when one of the investigators collected a finger print, however, even that was glamorized because a print would never come out so clear, as it did in the show. Overall, the show itself is a good show, it is very entertaining, from its graphics to the acting, however, its realism is non-existent and it exemplifies the forensic field falsely. How to cite C.S.I – Myth vs. Reality, Papers

Public School Licensing Essays - Wyoming, License, Accreditation

Public School Licensing Section 1. Purposes. The purposes of the rules are: (a) To establish a procedure for the licensing of post secondary education institutions (colleges, universities, correspondence schools offering degrees, etc.) with the exception of the University of Wyoming and the Community Colleges of Wyoming (21-2-102 and 21-2-103) or any post-secondary post secondary education institution possessing current accreditation by a recognized and accepted accrediting agency. (b) To establish minimum standards for post secondary education institutions until accreditation by a recognized and accepted accrediting agency may be achieved. (c) To protect persons enrolled in a course of study in post secondary education institution. Section 2. Authority. These rules are promulgated pursuant to W.S. 21-2-401 and 403 of the Private School Licensing Act, and have been adopted by the Wyoming State Board of Education in accordance with the Wyoming Administrative Procedure Act (W.S. 16-3-101 through 16-3-115). They are effective upon filing with the Secretary of State. Section 3. Applicability. These rules govern the operation of all post secondary education institutions not accredited by a recognized and accepted accrediting agency as defined by rules of the Wyoming Department of Education, which are located within the state, or have their principal place of business out of state but do business in the state. These rules do not apply to any parochial, church, or religious school as defined by W.S. 21-4-101(a)(iv), home-based educational programs as defined by W.S. 21-4- BC 101(a)(v), aircraft flight training schools approved and authorized by the Federal Aviation Agency of the United States of America, or a school teaching techniques of outdoor recreation, leadership, ecology, or conservation domiciled in the state of Wyoming. nor do they apply to post secondary Instit accredited by a recognized and accepted accrediting agency Section 4. Amendment of Rules. Any amendments to these rules shall become effective upon filing with the Secretary of State. Section 54. Definitions. (a) "Agent" means any person owning any interest in, employed by, or representing for remuneration or other consideration a post secondary education institution located within or without this state who enrolls or who, in places other than the principal school premises, offers or attempts to secure the enrollment of any person within this state for education in a post secondary education institution. (b) "Attorney General" means the Attorney General of the State of Wyoming. (c) "Degree" means any award, earned or honorary, conferred with the designation of associate, baccalaureate, master, professional, specialist or doctorate. (d) "Post Secondary Education Institution" means any post secondary institution offering a degree, earned or honorary, conferred with the designation of associate, baccalaureate, master, professional, specialist or doctorate. (e) "License" means a non-transferable document issued by the Wyoming Department of Education to a post secondary education institution located within this state or located outside the state, but whose agent solicits students from within the state in the name of such Institution, which permits the Institution to solicit, offer, and maintain a course(s) of instruction or study in compliance with the provision of the Private School Licensing Act and the rules of the Wyoming State Board of Education promulgated pursuant to the Act. (f) "Recognized and Accepted Accreditation Agency" includes those agencies recognized by the United States Department of Education through National Advisory Committee on Accreditation and Institutional Eligibility. If the post secondary education institution originates in a foreign country, accreditation recognized and accepted by that country's Department of Education or equivalent agency is required. (g) "StaDepartment" means Wyoming Department of Education. (h) "StateBoard" means Wyoming State Board of Education. (i) "Licensing year" is from July 1 through June 30 of the following calendar year. Section 65. Granting, Refusing or Revoking Licenses. Denial, suspensions, or revocations of a license may occur when it is found that a school has failed to comply with Wyoming Post Secondary Education Institution Licensing statutes and the Post Secondary Education Institution rules adopted by the Wyoming State Board of Education. Such action will be governed by the Wyoming Administrative Procedure Act (W.S. 16-3-101 through 16- BC 3-115). Licensure is not required once accreditation is achieved from a recognized and accepted accreditation agency and documentation of such is provided to the office of the Secretary of State and the Department. Section 6. Licensing Application Procedure. Application for a license shall be made to the Department. The applicant must submit the following: (a) Documentation that the institution: (i) is currently seeking appropriate accreditation and detailing steps taken during the year to achieve that goal, or (ii) is not seeking accreditation and explaining why it is not necessary to achieve its goals. (b) The application shall be accompanied by a certified check or

Darwin and Marx essays

Darwin and Marx essays After the French Revolution, the second half of the nineteenth century was dominated by science and industrialization. New ideas began to form in the progressively secular culture. Realism, positivism, Darwinism, Marxism, and liberalism all reacted against romantic, religious, and metaphysical interpretations of nature and society and focused on the empirical world (Perry, pg. 585). Darwinism and Marxism were the main points discussed during this time. Darwinism, named after Charles Darwin (1809-1882), was one of the most important advances in our scientific view of the world. Darwin did for biology what Newton had done for physics: he made it an objective science based on general principles (Perry, pg. 592). He formulated most of his ideas during a five-year expedition to the South Pacific. His theories on evolution were taken from similarities he observed between extinct and living species. His evolutionary ideas were placed into two of his books, the Origin of Species and the Descent of Man. Darwins theory convinced many on how there is a large diversity between different species in a short time period. Another one of his key ideas was adopted from the Malthusian idea that reproduction by a species is quicker than the food that particular species consumes. Finally, all of his ideas formed one main concept, explained in four simple words: survival of the fittest. Like most other radical thinkers before him, Darwins theor ies were contrary to Christian beliefs. One theologian declared, If the Darwinian theory is true, Genesis is a lie, the whole framework of the book of life falls to pieces, and the revelation of God as man, as we Christians know it, is a delusion and a snare. (Perry, pg. 593). Darwinism changed peoples way of looking at religion as a form of reason and transformed it into the faith that it is today. Marxism, named after Karl Marx (181...

I tweet, therefore I am - Emphasis

I tweet, therefore I am I tweet, therefore I am Thinking about jumping onto this bandwagon. But where will it all end? So might read my inaugural tweet by definition: an answer to the question what are you doing? in 140 characters or fewer on the micro-blogging site Twitter. And bandwagon begets bandwagon: those not tweeting are bleating about tweeting. The public is being divided into for and against camps; and perhaps the real question posed is: is there anything left now that is considered not appropriate to write about? Twitter has seen some incredible successes in its young life. It is a popular medium for celebrities, who get to by-pass the media and connect directly with their fans. Barack Obamas presidential campaign succeeded in large part because he embraced such types of social media. He updated subscribers via the site, keeping them up-to-date on his public appearances and decisions. No doubt this was key in working himself and his message into the nations psyche, while reinforcing his image as a modern man of the people. The potential of Twitter from a marketing point of view is evidently enormous. And so it is working its way into schools and university curriculums. A recent book, by money-making strategist Joel Comm, teaches the ways of Twitter Power How to Dominate Your Market One Tweet at a Time. Supporters predict a day when users will be able to search the consciousness of the planet in real-time. With a mere 140 characters to work with, Twitterers have no choice but to be succinct; and we Emphasisers are all in favour of keeping it short and simple. Whats missing is content control. Granted, escape from Big Brother (in all its forms) is generally welcome. And of course people have the right to express themselves creatively. But were considering writing instructions for this exciting new toy. The Daily Mail is using the service to send out nuggets of news to those for whom newspapers are just too darn heavy. The BBC experimented with including Twitter updates in its coverage of the Mumbai terror attacks back in November 2008, in an apparent desire to be first with the news. This rather clumsy attempt to cover a fast-moving story with equally fast-moving technology caused a considerable backlash on their website, amid accusations of inaccuracy and lazy journalism. Sky news rather glibly (and arguably massively inappropriately) sent tweets out from the courtroom where Joseph Fritzl stood trial for his horrendous crimes against his own daughter. Of course, skill in writing has little or nothing to do with Twitter, barring perhaps the occasional impressive haiku. What does is the attitude that whether youve just survived a plane crash (see the Guardians article) or youve just sat down with a cup of Bovril, the immediate prevailing thought is to publish oneself. Faced with this unrelenting, unverified barrage of thought bubbles, will we all have to become active editors of our own (and everyone elses) lives? Or will we just be tweeting while Rome burns?

Culture, Power, Religion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Culture, Power, Religion - Essay Example From this paper it is clear that  one of the things that becomes immediately apparent when studying classical culture is that the origin story of each group seemed to be of great significance to them.   It is also of great significance to the people who study classical history, which is why they usually use the date of the Homeric compositions as the origins of classical culture.   This is especially true in the European conception of origins of culture: both the Greeks and the Romans placed enormous significance on their origin stories.   Likewise, both of these cultures had origins stories that featured the same event: the Trojan wars.   The Greeks considered themselves descendents of the people who waged war on Troy, as did the Romans (who argued that they were the children of Aeneas).  This discussion stresses that  the importance of foundational myths, was not simply bound to Europe, but also existed in many other cultures.   The Maya, for instance, had elaborate myths about the destruction and re-creation of the world, which occurred in cycles again and again, and informed an important part of their national character: great interest in the stars and in astrology and astronomy.   Central myths about the origins of a people were central to the thinking and national character of all classical peoples, something that dissolved somewhat in the eras that followed it, as things like religious affiliation became more important to defining the people or a people.... Likewise, both of these cultures had origins stories that featured the same event: the Trojan wars. The Greeks considered themselves descendents of the people who waged war on Troy, as did the Romans (who argued that they were the children of Aeneas). The Romans even composed their own work to complement the Odyssey and the Iliad, the Aeneid, which completed their origin myth as corresponding to that of the Greeks (182). The Greeks and the Romans shared creation myths, and both put a great deal of stock of their national identity into those creation myths. This feature, the importance of foundational myths, was not simply bound to Europe, but also existed in many other cultures. The Maya, for instance, had elaborate myths about the destruction and re-creation of the world, which occurred in cycles again and again, and informed an important part of their national character: great interest in the stars and in astrology and astronomy (293). Central myths about the origins of a people we re central to the thinking and national character of all classical peoples, something that dissolved somewhat in the eras that followed it, as things like religious affiliation became more important to defining the people or a people. Art and architecture likewise appeared very similar across a broad range of classical cultures. As with the case of foundational myths, this is most obvious in the Greeks and the Romans, because the two cultures were so closely linked. The Romans knowingly copied many aspects of Greek culture, and were especially eager to emulate their art and architecture. This artistic emulation took on several forms: for one, the sculpture of the Romans followed the

Entreprenuership and Innovation BUS7001 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Entreprenuership and Innovation BUS7001 - Essay Example The question that needs to be asked should therefore centre on how to create a competitive urge over competitors. This is for now, what the present report seeks to achieve by analysing all factors that centre on the product and the market so as to put the product in a better position to penetrate the market (Aldrich and Weiss, 2001). A lot of research will also be done on the product involved so as to establish the key strengths of the product that needs to be built upon and some weaknesses that need to be improved. An assessment of the factors in the marketplace into which you suggest the product could be sold Sale in universities and other educational institutions where students have daily demand for cooking There are several factors on the prevailing market that suggest that the product cold easily be sold. One of such factors has to do with the fact that there are at every point in time, students in various universities and colleges who are in hostels and have regular demand for cooking. These students are not fed by the school and thus have to depend on their own provision for food (Aldrich, 2009). With growing concern for the need to stay healthy in one’s eating habit also, the likelihood that these students will resort to ready-cooked food is also minimal. This therefore means that a lot of these students will have to cook for themselves. Again, considering the fact that there is an ever growing student population in our country, one thing remains clear and that is, the product will certainly have a very large customer base among the students if the university cooking factor is considered critically. Another factor within the university factor that makes the product very viable and suitable for the university population is that students do not have much time for activities like cooking and are therefore always looking for avenues that will make cooking fast and less involving – something that this new product can easily give them (Bender, 2 000). Sale in places where the use of electricity as the source of energy as compared to gas is seen to be cheaper and easily accessible. Another important factor that suggests that the product will easily sell on the marketplace has to do with the every growing concern for the need to use electricity as a preferred source of energy instead of gas. It would be noted that gas has for long remained the major supply of energy for most homes in developed and developing worlds. However, the risks involved are fast being calculated by scientists and other experts. Some of these include pollution, degradation of the environment, greenhouse effect and dangers of causing fire (Birley and Westhead, 2004). With such concerns, the focus has now shifted to the use of electricity. Knowing that the new product is powered by electricity, the company has an advantage and potential in selling the product in places where the use of electricity as the source of energy is regarded as safer and environme ntally friendly option. Even more, electricity continues to be a cheaper source of energy as compared to gas and other forms of energy for powering cooking devices like

Physicochemical Study of Palm Ester for Cosmetic Application

Physicochemical Study of Palm Ester for Cosmetic Application 2.0 Introduction Palm oil is extracted from the fruit of oil palm, Elaeis guineensis. Besides, Malaysia is one of the leading exporters and producers of palm oil in the world (Keng et al., 2005 Palm oil has been widely applied in various industrial sectors due to the uniqueness of its composition (Keng et al., 2009). It consists of triglycerides; the combination of glycerol and different fatty acids. Furthermore, other palm oil fractions can be extracted as palm oil is rich in Palmitic acid and Oleic acid (OBrien, 2004). Specifically, in this study, Palm Olein will be used to produce palm ester instead of the other fractions. Wax esters are one of the most important ingredients in cosmetic formulations (Hallberg et al., 1999). The emollient behavior of wax esters makes it applicable for numerous personal care products (Peter Robert, 2001). Besides, synthetic ways to produced ester has been introduced since naturally occurring wax esters are limited and expensive (Keng et al., 2009). Thus, in this study lipase-catalyzed reaction of Palm Olein and Oleyl alcohol by using immobilized lipase will be carried out in order to synthesize wax esters (palm ester). Physicochemical study as well as thermal stability will also be conducted since the characterization of esters is important in order to examine their effectiveness in industrial applications. 3.0 Literature Review 3.1 Waxes In general, the mixture of long-chain of lipid forming a protective coating on plant leaves and animals is waxes (Keng et al., 2005). Besides, it has been used commercially in many areas. Lubricants, polishes, coating materials are some of its applications (Hamilton, 1995; Hallberg et al., 1999). Carnuba wax, beeswax, wool wax and spermaceti wax are some examples of waxes that exist naturally. Animals, plants and minerals are the source of natural waxes (Gunawan et al., 2005). Thus, waxes can be classified into two types which are natural waxes and synthetic waxes. 3.1.1 Natural Waxes Sperm whale oil is one of the natural waxes and it can be found in the open ocean. Years ago, the whale species of P. macrocephalaus was a prime source of wax. This is because of the liquid wax called spermaceti that contained in the head of the whale (Rice, 2009). The liquid wax is present abundantly in the spermaceti organ of the whales. Moreover, manufacturers found that spermaceti is very useful (Whale facts, 10 November 2014). It is a great substance that can be used in many sectors. However, due to the extinction of this species, the government has banned all the whale hunting. Thus, jojoba oil has become the main natural sources of wax since the cessation of whale hunting (Keng et al., 2009). Other than that, Jojoba is a shrub which can be found in Arizona, Mexico and some other areas (Allawzi et al., 1997). The seed of the Simmondsia chinesia (jojoba) plant contain a unique oil which known as jojoba oil. Besides, jojoba oil makes up approximately 50% of the seed’s weight. It is composed of the straight chain monoesters of the monounsaturated C20and C22 alcohols and acids (Wisniak, 1994). Furthermore, the uniqueness of jojoba oil is due to its chemical composition. It contains a little or no glycerin. As the glycerin is almost completely absence, it indicates that jojoba differs from the other seed oil. It is proved that it is a liquid wax not fat. 3.2.2 Synthetic Waxes Day by day, the demands of waxes keep growing. Unfortunately, it is too expensive for large-scale use of natural waxes like jojoba oil. Moreover, it requires up to 5 years for commercial jojoba plantations to start produce seeds (Keng et al., 2009). Thus, ways to synthesize wax with cheaper materials and in shorter time become very crutial (Radzi et al., 2005). In order to synthesize synthetic wax, chemical and enzymatic methods can be used (Keng et al., 2005). However, chemical-catalyzed method may leads to high energy consumption and degradation of esters whereas the enzymatic synthesis offers mild reactions and environmental-friendly process (Yadav Lathi, 2003). Normally, synthetic waxes are used in cosmetics formulations as replacement of natural waxes. Synthetic waxes from natural raw materials have not much different from the natural ones. Synthetic beeswax, synthetic spermaceti, polyethylene waxes and polawax are the examples of synthetic waxes (SpecialChem, 8 November 2014) 3.2.3 Wax Ester The long chain of esters that derived from fatty acids and alcohols are referred as wax esters (Chen Wang, 1997). The chemical structure of wax ester is shown in Figure 1 below. Typically, it is composed of n-alkanoic acids and n-alkan-1-ols with carbon atoms ranging from C12-C32 (Misra Ghosh, 1991). Wax esters are very important in various industries, especially in cosmetic formulations. This is due to its characteristics which are non-irritating and non-greasy feeling when in contact with skin (Peter Robert, 2001). Figure 1: The Chemical Structure of Wax Ester (AOCS lipid library, 10 November) Wax ester can be extracted from animals and plants. Besides, it is a major component of beeswax and jojoba plants. Hence, it’s can’t be deny that the extraction of wax ester from natural sources are expensive for commercial use and it is limited (Keng et al., 2005) 3.2 Palm Oil In early 1870, the oil palm tree (Elaeis guineensis) has been introduced in Malaysia as an ornamental plant by British (Malaysian palm oil council, 11 November 2014). The oil palm tree originates from West Africa (Hartley, 1988). Typically, it has been used as cooking oil. As this plant can be commercialized, it has also been introduced to many other countries. From wild plant, it was developed into an agricultural crop. Moreover, the expansion of its plantation was due to the high demands from the consumers. Figure 2 below shows the oil palm tree as an agricultural crop. Figure 2: The Oil Palm Tree (Wikipedia Palm Oil, 12 November 2014) The first commercial of oil palm in Malaysia was founded on 1917 (Malaysian Palm Oil Council, 11 November 2014). From that onwards, the huge palm oil industry in Malaysia had started. Recently, palm oil, the extraction from the fruit of oil palm is the leading agricultural crop of Malaysia (MPOB, 2004). Besides, Malaysia has been announced as one of the largest producers and exporters of palm oil in the world (Malaysian Palm Oil Council, 11 November 2014). The uniqueness of palm oil composition makes it easy to be commercialized. In addition, it has been applied in many industrial sectors such as pharmaceutical, cosmetic formulations and food manufacturing (Keng et al, 2005). In Malaysia, the oil palm trees planted are the crossbred of dura and pisifera, known as tenera variety (Latiff, 2000). The mature trees will grow up to 20m tall. The size of the palm fruits is approximately the same with the size of the small plum and it’s grow in bunches. The weight of each bunch is between 10-50 kilograms and containing around 2000 individual fruits. Usually, the oil palm tree will start to produce fruits after 30 months. Its productivity will keep growing for the next 3 decades (Palm oil world, 11 November 2014). Normally, the fruits are dark purple and almost black (Malaysian Palm Oil Council, 11 November 2014). The colour will turns to reddish orange when ripe. The fruits consist of an outer pulp and kernels (Gunstone, 2001). The fruit of palm tree is the source of two different oils. Palm oil and palm kernel oil are the types of oil that can be obtained from the fruit of oil palm tree (Malaysian Palm Oil Council, 11 November 2014). The outer pulp contains palm oil while palm kernel oil is obtained from the kernel of the fruit. Even though these two types of oil are derived from the same plant, they are completely different by comparing their characteristics and properties (Keng et al, 2009). Figure 3 below shows the fruit bunches of oil palm tree and its cross section. Figure 3: The Fruit Bunches of Oil Palm Tree and Its Cross Section. (Malaysian Palm Oil Board, 12 November 2014) Furthermore, palm oil consists of triglycerides. Triglycerides are a combination of glycerol and different fatty acids. Palm oil is rich in palmitic acid and oleic acid, while palm kernel oil is rich lauric acid (O’Brien, 2004). Besides, these fats can be fractionated into solid and liquid fractions to produce stearins and oleins, respectively (Keng et al, 2009). Even though Lipase-catalyzed reaction of palm oil and palm kernel oil by using lipase are quite simple, the characterization of long chain esters is significant in order to examine their ability and efficiency in industrial sector. Palm Olein, the liquid fraction of palm oil will be used in the synthesis of palm ester instead of the other fractions (Malaysian Palm Oil Council, 12 November 2014). Thus, the synthesis, physicochemical properties and thermal stability of palm ester will be carried out specifically focusing on alm Olein. 3.3 Enzymes Human body is characterized by complex system of related chemical reaction. Besides, the reaction must be fully controlled in order to maintain life. Thus, enzymes are necessary for many reactions to confirm that it occur at suitable rates (Brown et al., 2012). Enzyme is a substance that speeds up reactions without any permanent changes and also known as catalyst. The building blocks of enzymes are amino acids and they are proteins. Enzyme catalyzes reaction takes place at specific location known as active site. Usually, enzymes are specific according to the reaction they catalyzed and the substrate that involves in the reaction. However, unwelcoming inhibitors are naturally occurring and disturb the enzyme reaction. Since enzymes are flexible, the active site is continuously reshaped. Besides, the combination of enzyme and substrate is called the enzyme-substrate complex. As the enzymes react with many substrates, the rigid lock and key model is not valid. In 1958, the modification of lock and key model has been proposed. Figure 4 below shows the modification of lock and key model (Koshland, 1958). Figure 4: The Lock and Key Model (Wikipedia, 11 November 2014) 3.3.1 Lipases Lipases are water-soluble enzyme and it’s able to catalyze both hydrolytic and synthetic reaction. Lipases are widely used in many sectors. They play an important role in the production of leather, detergent industries and in production of surfactants (Knezevic et al., 2004). Naturally, lipases are used in hydrolysis of acylglycerides. However, they are useful in many other reactions. In fact, lipases are qualified of catalyzing the reverse reaction synthesis Due to its ability to combine with broad range of substrate specificity (Gandhi, 1997). Besides, some lipases are more suited for synthesis than hydrolysis reactions. 3.3.2 Immobilized Lipases Lipases used in detergents and many other applications are not immobilized. However, due to an increasing specialty application of lipases demand an immobilized biocatalyst for efficient use (Sharma et al., 2001). Besides, immobilized lipase can reduce the cost and poor stability of free lipase. Adsorption, covalent binding and entrapping are some of the immobilization techniques (Knezeic et al., 2004). Since the immobilization method is typically accompanied by changes in enzymatic activity, pH, temperature and stability, each of the methods has its advantages and disadvantages. Besides, the used of immobilized lipases are very useful in the pharmaceutical, oleochemical and food industry (Knezevic et al., 2004). 3.4 Lipase-Catalyzed Reaction Lipase-catalyzed reaction can be classified into two main categories which are hydrolysis and synthesis. Synthesis category can be further separated into esterification, interesterification, alcoholysis and acidolysis. Table 1 below shows the classification of lipase-catalyzed reaction. Table 1: The Classification of Lipase-Catalyzed Reaction (Gandhi, 1997) In this experiment, alcoholysis of lipase-catalyzed reaction will be conducted. It is also called enzymatic transesterification as the last three reactions (interesterifiction, alcohoysis and acidolysis) are grouped together into single term which is transesterification (Gandhi, 1997). 3.5 Oleyl Alcohol Oleyl alcohol is long chain fatty acids. Fatty acids can be derived from natural fats and oils. Besides, it can be found I beef fat as well as fish oils. Cis-9-Octadecen-1-ol and Oleo alcohol are the synonyms name of oleyl alcohol. The chemical formula of oleyl alcohol is CH3(CH2)7CH=CH(CH2)7CH2OH. Moreover, oleyl alcohol is a clear oily liquid and insoluble in water (chemicalland21, 10 November 2014). Furthermore, fatty alcohols are emulsifiers and emollients to make skin smoother and prevent moisture loss (chemicalland21, 10 November 2014). Hence, it has been used widely as raw materials in industrial sectors such as cosmetics, pharmaceutical, metal processing and lube additive. In this study, Oleyl alcohol will be used as internal standard of gas chromatography analyses. The chemical structure of oleyl alcohol is shown in Figure 5; Figure 5: The Chemical Structure Of Oleyl Alcohol (chemicalland21, 10 November 2014) 3.6 The Application of Physicochemical Study in Cosmetic Formulations Nowadays, industrial cosmetic has immerged along with the advancement of global technology. The development of new cosmetic formulations is due to the discovery of active component in herbs and other natural sources. Thus, study has been done in order to investigate the chemical composition and characteristics of the active components. 3.6.1 Physicochemical Study According to Brasil (2004), physicochemical study is the determinant step in the development of cosmetic formulations. Physicochemical study is the study of the relations between composition and physical properties of the elements. Besides, this study is significant in order to know the intrinsic properties of elements and their ability to react with specific reagent (High Technology Detection Systems, 12 November 2014). Slip melting point, refractive index, saponification value, iodine value and acid value are the physicochemical measurement that will be analyzed in this study. Slip melting point is one of the physical properties which is useful in identification purposes and assessment of purity. It’s proportional to the increase in chain length and degree of saturation. In addition, slip melting points fats usually contain 5% solid fat; thus slip melting point generally happens at lower temperature than the melting point of the fat itself (Akoh et al., 2004). The ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum to the speed in the medium is known as the refractive index. Besides, refractive index is easily determined characteristics of fats, oils and their derivatives. It is important to obtain an accurate refractive index for the purposes of identification and for the progress of reaction like catalytic and isomerization. Generally, for the liquid oils, the density increases with increase in unsaturation and decreases with the increase in molecular weight at constant temperature. On the other hand, the refractive index will increases with the length of hydrocarbon chain and when the number of double bonds in molecules increase (Formo, 1999). Saponification is hydrolysis of ester under alkaline solution. Saponification value is the measure of chain length of all fatty acids present. The saponification value of an oil or fat is defined as the number of mg of potassium hydroxide required to neutralize the fatty acids resulting from the complete hydrolysis of 1 g of the sample. Besides, low saponification value is found from the long chain fatty acids due to the fewer number of carboxylic functional groups (Virtual Amrita Laboratories Universalizing Education, 13 November 2014). For the Iodine value, it measures the content of unsaturation or double bonds of fats and oils. Besides, it is one of the parameters used to measure the quality of olein (Buana et al., 1998). The iodine value also denotes the percentage by weight halogen, calculated as iodine and absorbed under the condition of the test. It is expressed as the number of iodine (grams) absorbed by the fat (100 grams) under test condition. According to O’Brien (1988), iodine value is a valuable constant that can be easily determined for fats and oils. One of the common parameter used in specification of fats and oils is acid value. It is defined as the number of milligrams potassium hydroxide needed to neutralize the free acid in one gram of sample. Besides, it is a measure of free fatty acids present in the fat or oil (chemprime, 13 November 2014). 3.6.2 Applications in Cosmetic Since ancient times, natural extracts from animals, plants and minerals have been used as special ingredients in cosmetics (Elsner Maibach, 2000). Wax esters are formulated in numerous personal care products due to its emollient behavior. Due to that, proper study on its characteristics is as important as the synthesis reaction (Keng et al., 2009). Besides, one of the most essential phases in development of new cosmetic formulations is the adequate physicochemical characterization to guarantee the identification of new patentable compound (Crystal Engineering, 12 November 2014). Physicochemical study is not a visible nor directly applied in cosmetic. However, the determination of each properties of physicochemical study is important in order to verify the compatibility of the extraction of palm oil for cosmetic application. Besides, it is important to verify whether the cosmetics are safe to be used. Hence, in this study the physicochemical properties of palm oil fraction focusing on palm olein will be carried out. 4.0 Problem Statement Currently, most of the chemical product derived from synthetic origin. However, product produced from chemical synthesis is not pure and involved hazardous chemicals. Thus, enzymatic reaction is preferable due to green synthesis process, environmental friendly and the product is pure. Physicochemical study is important in cosmetic formulations. However, rarely study on physicochemical had been reported in journal and any research paper. Due to that, in this research, a physicochemical study will be carried out such as slip melting point, refractive index, saponification value, iodine value, and acid stability. Besides, thermal stability will also be carried out in this research. Nowadays, a lot of synthesized products had been produce. However, the verification of those products was rarely reported. Hence, in this study, the synthesized product will be verified using spectroscopy methods such as thin layer chromatography (TLC) and gas chromatography (GC). 5.0 Objectives In this study, the synthesis of palm ester will be carried out. Enzymatic synthesis will be applied in order to produce palm ester. Besides, the physicochemical study will be conducted in order to apply palm ester in cosmetics. Therefore, this particular work will be carried out with the following objectives: To synthesize palm ester through enzymatic transesterification. To investigate the physicochemical properties and thermal stability of palm ester. To verify the synthesized palm ester using spectroscopy methods.